Ten Characteristics of Chinese Corruption Ala

Ten Characteristics of Chinese Corruption Ala


Corruption in China has become an increasingly serious problem in the early period of social transition in China, causing severe economic losses and huge challenges for the Chinese government, as well as the spread of corrupt practices to the public. Recently, "Research on Characteristics and Development Trend of China's Senior Official Corruption" carried out by the China National Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSA) and Tsinghua University, studying corruption by senior officials above vice-ministerial level during the last 20 years ( 1978-2002) discuss what the root causes of corruption as well as ten characters in China.

1. The number of sentences that varied between the 1990's and 1980's
In the period 1987-1992, the number of officials who examined at the provincial and ministerial level reached 110, where 79 of them checked in the period 1990-1992. However, the number of cases of severe corruption, and officials are subject to disciplinary action by the Party, increased within reasonable limits, especially those subject to imprisonment. Among 64 cases of corruption of senior officials in the database, 31 cases entered into the court and stand trial, in which only 5 cases were sentenced before 1992 and 26 cases after 1992. Related to the amount of money involved, the case in the 1990's higher than the 1980's. Before 1992, no cases of embezzlement and bribery involving a sum of money above 100,000 yuan (U.S. $ 12,081.7). After 1992, among 37 cases in the statistical data, there were 27 cases in excess of 100,000 yuan, with 12 cases involving money over 1 million yuan (U.S. $ 120.816.84) and four cases above 10 million yuan (U.S. $ 1,208,167.99 .) Five cases after 2000 all involve money over 1 million yuan.

2. The incidence of corruption is high (late 1980s to early 1990s)
Among 54 cases with a clear date, 43 cases initiated in the period 1988-1995. At that time, the circular letter from the High Court and Supreme Court decisions issued in 1989, pledged the central government to severely punish the corrupt officials. However, the incidence of corruption remains high at that time and this means that the effectiveness goal of eradicating corruption at all to no avail.

3. The increase of corruption and ministerial-level commissions (the 1980s); high incidence rate in coastal areas (1990s)
Prior to 1992, cases of corruption at the ministerial level and comparatively high commission, began to decline in the 1990s but rose sharply again in mid-decade. Further research revealed corruption at the ministerial level and the different commissions in the two periods. Before 1992, corruption occurs mostly in personal management system at the level of ministries and commissions. Corrupt officials usually go into the economic sphere through a network of government in trade and seek personal gain by abusing their powers in check and give approval. After 1992, new characters appear in which the corruption of senior officials in collusion with private companies, seeking personal gain by abusing their position and power. Previous practice rather the corruption unit, while more recent practice to individuals. In connection with the figures of corruption, when China implemented a policy of reform and openness, the incidence of corruption in coastal areas is higher than in the mainland, where money is involved in coastal areas is higher than in mainland areas.

4. Increased group case
In 1989, cases of bribery Yunguang Luo, vice minister of railways, shocking the whole country, involving a group of people and high-level officials. After that, the claimant agency of China, at all levels, succeeded in dismantling a number of new groups and groups of corruption cases, such as embezzlement and bribery cases of Wang Baosen (former vice mayor of Beijing) and Chen Xitong (former Mayor of Beijing). The case was dismantled by the "Wuxi Xinxing Co.. cases of illegal fundraising "and bribery case Wenying Wu and Xu Penghang, the two top leadership who handle the textile industry, dismantled by" Kangsai case. " Xiamen Yuanhua smuggling case involving a large group of people with two provincial-level officials. Cases of corruption at the local group is more problematic. The last case in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, involving an official at the provincial level, four officials at the ministry level, 11 officials at the division level, and seven officials at the district level. They earn 200 million yuan (U.S. $ 24 as well) through illegal practices. Cases of corruption in a group is usually the result of corruption command superiors. Once the boss of corruption, these groups tend to imitate behavior.



5. Latent Corruption in the 1990's
Average dismantling corruption cases in the period 1980-1992 ranged from 1.43 to 1.44 years. This means that most cases of corruption uncovered very quickly. But in 1992, the period of demolition cases of corruption has become longer with an average discharge of corruption cases in 1998-2002 ranges from 6.31 years. An increasingly long time to settle the case - from the disclosure of corruption cases to the official punishment - to 17 cases (before 1992) spent 0.41 years, including 11 cases decided in that year, while 43 cases have been found guilty in 1992, an average of 1.88 years spent with the five cases decided in the same year and the longest was four years old. Researchers also found that of 17 cases before 1992, corrupt officials are still occupying positions at the time they unloaded on the case of corruption with corruption when they start the activity. While in 37 cases after 1992, officials promoted after the initial graft, this clearly indicates a problem in selection system for Chinese officials.

6. Corruption dismantled through related information
Official statistical data show the corruption case was found through the help of insider reports. But senior officials in particular cases dismantled by other investigations. Among the 39 cases investigated, 19 cases related to the investigation dismantled from other corruption cases, this is around 80.6 percent. Five cases dismantled with information from insiders, while one case removed from the recognition, and the remaining cases are sourced from suspicion. This shows that supervision of the senior officials are very weak, whether by the Party and society. Especially for cases that are found in the late 1990s, many people in the know but not reported, causing the impact and harmful effect on society. On the other hand, the investigation also become an obstacle for corrupt officials.

7. Accepting Bribes
Bribery became the main accused of corruption by senior officials. Of the eight cases that occurred during the years 1980 - 1988, including three cases involving bribery, with items with small amounts, for example, western style clothing, recording equipment and goods of daily needs. Two other cases involving bribes amounting to 20,000 yuan (U.S. $ 2,410) and 12,000 yuan (U.S. $ 1,446). Of the nine cases that occurred in the years 1989-1992, four cases were cases of bribery, ranging from 44.4 percent, with an average value of bribes ranging from 20,000 yuan (U.S. $ 2,410). Among the 47 cases that occurred after 1993, 37 cases demonstrated an act of bribery, which is about 78.7 percent. In addition, there are six people involved in corruption, or about 12.8 percent, with three people involved in embezzlement, or 6.4 percent. Two more people recognize the ownership of the property without a clear source (4.3 percent). Other crimes include behaviors that are not true, dark treasures, and using public money. Of the 37 cases that occurred in the 1990s, eight bribery cases involving amounts more than 1 million yuan (U.S. $ 120,482), with three cases among more than 5 million yuan (U.S. $ 602,410); seven cases involving money from 0.5 to 1 million yuan (U.S. $ 60241-120482); eight cases with 100000-500000 yuan (U.S. $ 12048-60241), 10 cases with the amount of money below 100,000 yuan (U.S. $ 12,048) but no cases with the amount of money under 10,000 yuan (U.S. $ 1,205). Researchers also found from 24 cases in the statistics, there is only one case in which corrupt officials accepting bribes from more than 10 people. Another 23 cases, the average amount of bribery is 3 people, while six other cases involve only one person. Accepting bribes from several briber indicates that most corrupt officials to be careful to accept bribes, to reduce risk. Of the 24 cases, the interference of the executive is one motive to give bribes, including the tender of construction projects, funding, loans, promotion and interference in law enforcement.

8. Family
Through these investigations, found that couples living (mainly wives) and children play an important role in the behavior of corrupt senior officials. There are some cases where officials do not know the bribery case that occurred among family members. Sometimes, family greed sparked official corruption and increase efforts to obtain illegal profits. Officials do not always accept bribes personally, but using a family company to wash clean the stolen money they received. Among the 17 cases that occurred before 1992, three of which involved family members, while the 37 cases occurred after 1992, 19 cases showed that family members play an important role. 9. Infidelity In China in the 1980s, an affair outside of marriage is a serious social problem, but in the 1990s became increasingly serious. Many people think, have a partner outside of marriage is a personal issue and has nothing to do with other issues such as corruption. However, these cases demonstrate that having affair is almost always associated with the first step of corruption. In the incomplete statistics, from 64 cases of corruption of senior officials, 14 officials involved in the affair, this is considered a conservative figure by the research group.


10. The phenomenon of 59 years
The existence of corruption that occurred at the end of the term of office life, 59 years, argued in a research report. Seventeen cases of corruption by officials at the provincial level, or the ministry occurred at age less than 53 years, is around 53.1 percent. From these results affect asumpsi first. Further research found that there were 12 cases where 57-year-old official corruption (1987-1994), of which 6 cases occurred between the years 1992-1993, about 50 percent. To maintain the phenomenon of "59 years", the researchers indicate that the period 1992-1993 is high. Afterwards, the Chinese government to promote faster cadre young cadres, thus reducing the appearance of such phenomena.